Things They Carried Essay A Cultural Studies Approach to...

A Cultural Studies Approach to Enemies in The Things They Carriednbsp;nbsp; nbsp; Two men who fight over a jackknife in Enemies, a chapter in Tim OBriens work, The Things They Carried.nbsp; A cultural studies approach to Enemies allows the reader to look much deeper into the meaning of the events that unfold in Enemies. nbsp;The fight over the knife could very well reflect the events occurring in society during that time.nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; In short, Enemies is about two men, Lee Strunk and Dave Jensen, who are battling not only in a war but with each other.nbsp; They were viciously fighting about a missing jackknife.nbsp; A question that the reader might ask themselves is, why†¦show more content†¦nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; After one considers these facts, they can begin to see why the brawl occurred.nbsp; The two characters in Enemies were not only fighting a war but fighting with each other.nbsp; OBrien best describes this when he says, No safe ground:nbsp; enemies everywhere. (OBrien 63).nbsp; This means exactly what it says.nbsp; There were enemies everywhere because they were fighting with each other.nbsp; There was no where to run to, hence No safe ground.nbsp; Everywhere they looked and everywhere they were, there was fighting.nbsp; How can solders successfully fight a war when they are fighting with each other?nbsp; They cannot.nbsp; They were even using gu ns, not just their fists.nbsp; So, it was fighting two completely different wars. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; One can even look at this short story and conclude that the events taking place mirror the events inShow MoreRelatedFicticious First Contact2169 Words   |  9 Pagessettlers were driven by the desire for expansion and economic development. They considered resistance to their advancement to be futile as the notion of â€Å"manifest destiny† was intended to prevail. At the heart of manifest destiny is self-proclaimed cultural and racial superiority. As the population grew, the economy developed, and the desire to expand into new territory increased. Land represented income, wealth, self-sufficiency and freedom. Essentially the Borg-like message to Native Americans was:Read MoreTheories of Organizational Behavior10512 Words   |  43 Pagesencompasses the systematic study and careful application of knowledge about how people act within organizations. It encompasses the study of organizations from multiple viewpoints, methods, and levels of analysis. 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Technical Writing And Creative Writing - 1312 Words

Many people are unaware that there are many different types of writing. Writing is used in a wide variety of different subjects. Some people think that left part of the brain is used for technical writing and the right side is used for creative writing (Patel). Technical writing is used in the fields of science, engineering, technology and the health sciences (Nordquist). Creative writing is used in novels, poems, epics, short stories, screenplays, songs, television scripts, etc. (YourDictionary). Although they have some minor similarities, the differences between Technical writing and Creative writing are clear. Technical Writing Background Technical writing is used in the professional world and is always non-fiction. It helps to provide clear communication so that the contents are completely understood. Technical writing helps to put your ideas out on the table so that they may be considered. The only way that you can get patents is by providing exactly what your invention does, so you must be able to communicate clearly so you can receive a patent. The Society for Technical Communication (STC) offers this definition of technical writing: the process of gathering information from experts and presenting it to an audience in a clear, easily understandable form. (Nordquist). The biggest difference between technical communication and the other kinds of writing you have done is that technical communication has a somewhat different focus on audience and purpose.Show MoreRelatedCreative Writing1236 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"Creative Writing versus Technical Writing† It is often difficult to distinguish the differences and similarities between Technical Writing and Creative Writing. Writing is writing and good writing is creative writing. 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Television in the UAE Saudi Arabia An analysis of women’s representation Free Essays

string(138) " book is that the writer mentions that people \(men and women\) of the Arabic community can finally speak more openly for the first time\." Introduction This research analyzes the ways in which women are represented on television in Arabic countries; through social programs in the United Arab Emirates, and Saudi Arabia. Since graduation in 2007, I have been employed at Dubai Media Incorporated (DMI). This has awarded me seven years of experience as a news reporter and presenter; which has helped me to understand more about common traits in Arabic television as well as its depiction of women. We will write a custom essay sample on Television in the UAE Saudi Arabia: An analysis of women’s representation or any similar topic only for you Order Now As a result of this background, the connection between the Arabic women of the television and the country’s government will be the primary subject that this report will explore. The rationale (epistemological, substantive, and practical) for undertaking this project stems from personal interest towards the research; as workplace experience at DMI included conducting analysis about current affairs and relations between Arabic-Gulf countries and Arabic women. This background raised a personal and moral obligation: to discover whether Arabic women are represented on TV in a negative way and what can be done to support them. This project surrounds a universal matter of gender in-equality and should be addressed as such. Arabic women (like all women around the world) should be able to work and have a proper education instead of being fated to live the life of a housewife. What makes matters more significant is the strategy the government has put in place to deliver on this mandate – manipulating the public through propaganda on common media platforms. This report will discuss more precisely what can be done if the research concludes that women’s representation is negative on Arabic television (by analyzing the source of the problem). For instance; are religious reasons, customs and traditions, different cultural backgrounds and governmental differences to blame for female representation in the mediaOr are there other factors worth considering? Secondary research into the topic will aid the report. This research will help reach a logical conclusion of the matter and also vicariously un-cover a niche in this area of study – (there was barely any information directly comparing between these two Arabic countries). So although this means the project will be a more difficult subject to research, it will be thoroughly completed in order to shed light upon the topic. For this reason, a mixed methodology application of quantitative and qualitative methods will be used to conduct my research. Moreover, the UAE and Saudi Arabia have been chosen for research because they advocate different rules in TV programming than other Arabic countries even though they all follow the same religion – Islam. Furthermore, women in these two countries have different cultural backgrounds and government. The role of television as a media platform in the Arab world has been highlighted repeatedly. Arabic TV’s image and perception must therefore be the first thing to be addressed in the process of identifying whether the representation of women is a positive or negative one. In light of this, the project addresses the following questions: How does Arabic TV present women in a positive or negative way? What are (and why are there) differences between women’s representation in these two countries, even though they share a common religion? Women’s experiences of social Arabic TV- harmful or helpful? Literature Review Literature dealing directly with the relationship between the Arabic woman and her problems with representation on Arabic TV is virtually non-existent. However, with the continuous development of worldwide media, it is hardly surprising that the Middle East’s opinion of Arabic media has become more sophisticated and modern in many aspects. In light of this, many Arabic television channels have become much more well known and influential than ever before. For example, â€Å"Al-Jazeera TV† in Qatar has noticeably developed a stronger base of viewers around the world from its wide-spread signal – something that hasn’t happened to a global Arabic news station before. As a result, the middle-east now has access to a new brand of â€Å"universalized† news (Waxman, N.D.). Consequently, these channels have become more interesting in many aspects. It could even be argued that Arabic women are presented in an equal light to men on their native TV because of the positive attributes it shows women possessing. For example, channels depict women as intelligent and wise on worldwide TV stations in the Middle East; by implying they have the right to be educated, to be independent and to have their own business. Conversely, there are some local Arabic TV channels that do present women negatively. What makes this more significant is how the television stations do nothing to remedy this negative (and purposeful) representation. References to renowned academic literature will also be included that argues each side of the debate; which for all intents and purposes was substantially difficult to find. Whereas a selection of these studies focus on the positive way Arabic television depicts women, other research is focused only on the differences between Arabic women in the East and the West. On the other hand, other works have sought to discuss merely the negative image Arabic stations impose on their native females. The results and critical opinions within this collected research (as well as primary research) will subsequently form the main body of my essay. An extensive amount of the work collected on the matter emphasizes dominance over Arabic women; particularly Saudi Arabian women. One of the main books to demonstrate this belief is Paul Danahar’s The New Middle East. Published in 2013, the BBC’s Middle East bureau chief (Danahar) revealed that a new era shaped the Middle East during the Arabic Spring of 2011 which lead to clearer insights of media representatives; thereby changing traditional opinions in some Arabic countries such as Egypt, Libya, Syria and Tunisia. As a result of this, the general consensus of Arabic people (specifically women) within the international community also changed; creating a knock-on effect on the role Islam played in the Middle East during the Arabic Spring as well. Perhaps the most interesting point in this book is that the writer mentions that people (men and women) of the Arabic community can finally speak more openly for the first time. You read "Television in the UAE Saudi Arabia: A n analysis of women’s representation" in category "Essay examples" This book is a strong reference with regards to describing women’s cases during the Arabic Spring, but it is perhaps too eager to include such divine constructs as fate, destiny and pre-destination. The outcome of the Arabic Spring revolution will be considered first. The work of Goetz (1997) asserts that women have developed remarkably for almost three decades now in numerous Muslim countries, and points out organizations must be recognized as being deeply gendered in their structure towards women’s interests in the media. However, Goetz’s results were based upon data from over 30 years ago, and it is unclear if these differences still persist; as it can be clearly seen that many Muslim-Arabic countries have changed a lot during those thirty years. For example, the amount of women appearing in Saudi Arabian media has seen a significant decrease during the last thirty years. While Goetz’s research may therefore not be as historically relevant as others (her analysis was not based on empirical research, and she does not focus on Saudi Arabia), it is evident that the way television and media is constructed in the Middle East is fundamentally different from other countries (namely those in the West). For example, Saudi women cannot wear what they truly want to wear on the TV screen, or drive a car, and have to face a patriarchal culture every day. This is why Saudi Arabia was specifically chosen for this report. Keddie (2007 p. 149- 150) feels that it is remarkably interesting to see the difference between Middle Eastern women in the past and the present. She focuses on tracing the development of Middle Eastern women’s history since the rise of Islam, and notes that there have been significant improvements in the Middle East’s women’s suffrage movement. Moreover, the appearance of women in public places reflects this discovery, as well as the fact that females seem to have taken up the pre-dominant role in advertising. However, she argues that women in Saudi Arabia were more open to change in the 1960s and 1970s than they were in the 1980s and 1990s; also that they were more educated, including a higher amount of people studying abroad, had more job opportunities, their own marital choices and better health. But, this all changed because of â€Å"the Islamist takeover of the main Saudi mosque in 1979† (Keddie, 2007, p.150). It seems this reason remains unclear because Saudi Arabia had already been an Islamic country for centuries before; it was the change of the role of the government that lessened women’s rights – an after-effect of the Islamist takeover. Strong Hareb (2012) indicate how the amount of digitally competent young females in the UAE who use social media programs is rapidly increasing. Additionally, Strong Hareb (2012, p. 3) point out that â€Å"The UAE is made up of seven emirates, which were separate authorities until the country was formed in 1971. Each emirate is governed by a ruling family; with some services (like education) to be funded and administered by the overall federal government†. Therefore, the UAE has a different television channel for all seven emirates. Moreover, the WAGL (Women as Global Leaders) claim that â€Å"Although Emirati females make up only about 5% of the total population, the spotlight recently has been on them as potential future leaders† (WAGL, 2012). Strong Hareb (2012, p. 3) suggest this means that the UAE government is showing us through television that it is supporting Emirati females to be leaders. Moreover, the government’s media website said that â€Å"the U AE has become a model for Arab women in all fields† (WAM, 2009). For the UAE, the situation is more hopeful – there is perhaps more openness felt towards women, whereas in Saudi Arabia, there is no freedom. Females cannot wear what they really want to wear on a TV screen, and usually have to wear traditional, religious clothing. Mellor, et al (2011) found that some Arabic countries have a new challenge in the media because globalization has brought new opportunities to them. For example, â€Å"the United Arab Emirates (UAE) now profile themselves globally as the perfect hybrid link between east and west† (Mellor, et al, 2011, P. 25). Clearly, it can be seen reflected in women’s current affairs in the UAE. This paper agrees with Mellor, because it can clearly be seen that Emirati women have many more opportunities now; whether it be working as a TV presenter or reporter. This study directly correlates to the main analysis of this report: by showing us that Emirati women are represented in a positive way on UAE television. A similar view to this essay was found in a report by The Dubai School of Government (2011, p1). This report states that â€Å"Arab women in particular have become more engaged in political and civic actions; playing a critical leading role in the rapid and historic changes that have swept the region†. This article focuses on women within media and social terms, in a way that implies they are active in their society and that UAE television does help them feel more independent. It seems that UAE TV urges women to be intelligent, to be something more than just a housewife or mother at home, to work or own a business and finally be equal with Emirati men. Lastly, the work of Saker (2004) reveals that the image of Middle Eastern women in a media landscape often presents them as changed, empowered and advanced. This article will be useful for my research. Methodology/ Research Method: As previously mentioned; this project is difficult to research. For this reason a variety of data by using mixed methodology – qualitative and quantitative methods. Additionally, both types of data will be collected in the two countries during the summer. This study encompasses two different types of research to explore if Arabic TV helps women or harms them. The first type of research theory is qualitative (questionnaires, interviews, etc.). For example, respondents will be shown clips of Arabic TV shows and create a survey that will ask them which Arabic television programs support women and which do not support women, and why (as well as asking demographic information such as nationality, age, gender, and education level). The second type of research theory is a quantitative content analysis – case studies, statistics or percentages to compare with two social Arabic programs from two Arabic countries that have women presenters from the United Arab Emirates, and Saudi Arabia. The programs are Kalam Nawaiem from MBC channel – Saudi Arabia, and Zahrat Al-Khaleej from Abu Dhabi channel – United Arab Emirates. These methods lead to answering the overall research questions: How does Arabic TV show women in a positive way or negative waySecondly, what are the differences between women’s representation in the two countries (the UAE and Saudi Arabia)Thirdly, what are women’s experiences of Arabic TV – harmful or helpful? Conclusion The United Arab Emirates Saudi Arabia have been chosen because on the surface it appears that one country supports women (UAE) and the second country does not support women (Saudi Arabia) on TV stations. This will make for a very conclusive and judicial paper – one that will be written with passion. Firstly, the paper’s aim and rationale for the research will be discussed. Secondly, the relative strengths and weaknesses of the literature written on this topic will be analyzed, as well as the research methods and studies chosen. It is interesting to see the differences between Islamic Arabic cultures and Western cultures; and then to compare women’s representation on TV programs. Moreover, it cannot be denied that we should support and respect women around the world, and is clear that it is not fair or equal to abandon Arabic women in this belief. The most intriguing point is that it is not all Arabic countries that do not support women; even though the Islamic r eligion connects them all. This research then, will help us understand in more detail the reasons of these differences – whether religious or government or cultural. However, there will be some problems that most likely will be encountered (especially in Saudi Arabia) due to ethical issues. The research collected may or may not be allowed to be considered outside of the country. To resolve this, alternative ways will be considered so that the project can be investigated freely. It is clear that this research needs to go ahead because it asks an important question – Are there positive ways Arabic women on TV are presented or negative waysSecondly, there has been little research done before on this topic. There was not much information that has compared two countries, justified research and then remained objective at the conclusion. Thirdly, the research seeks to understand in more depth how these differences have occurred in two Arabic countries even though there is a religion that binds them together; bringing cultural and historical significance to the paper. Lastly, this is a topic that affects everyone universally, and is something that everyone can understand. It does not matter whether the reader is a woman or a man, for it will bring attention and focus to the problem regardless. Thus, this topic can be investigated after the description of its main characteristics. Bibliography: Danahar, P. (2013) The New Middle East: The World after the Arab Spring. London: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. Dubai School of Government, UAE (2011) The role of social media in Arab women’s empowerment. Arab social media report, Vol. 1, No. 3, 1. Goetz, A. M. (1997) Getting institutions right for women in development. London: Zed Books Ltd. Keddie, N. R. (2007) Women in the Middle East: Past and Present. Oxfordshire: Princeton University Press. Mellor, N. et al. (2011) Arab Media: Globalization and Emerging Media Industries. The United Kingdom: Polity Press. Saker, N. (2004) Women and media in the Middle East: Power through self-expression. America: Published by I.B Tauris Co Ltd. Strong, C Hareb, H. (2012) Social Media Fashion among Digitally Fluent Young Arabic Women in the UAE. Social Media Fashion. Vol. 8, Issue 1. Dubai, Zayed University. WAGL. (2012) About WAGL. Women as Global Leaders Conference. Available at: http://www.zu.ac.ae/main/en/wagl2012/about.aspx. Last accessed 5 February 2014. WAM. (2009). Foreign Media Delegation Visits. WAM Online. 24th, November, 2009. Available at: http://uaeinteract.com/docs/Foreign_media_delegation_visits_GWU/38528. Last accessed 5 February 2014. Waxman, S. (n.d) Arab TV’s strong signal the Al-Jazeera network offers news the Mideast never had before, and views that are all too common. Al Jazeera Online. http://www.allied-media.com/aljazeera/washpost.htm. Last accessed 11 February 2014. How to cite Television in the UAE Saudi Arabia: An analysis of women’s representation, Essay examples

Quantify Uncertainty Certification Maneuver â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Quantify Uncertainty Certification Maneuver? Answer: Introduction The report is based on the New Zealand international airlines (NZIA), a low-cost carrier (LCC). This international airline situated in Auckland, New Zealand. The Auckland Airport is the largest and the biggest airport in the New Zeeland. It consists of the 16,487,648 passengers in the year 2015 till the December. Out of these passengers, 9,005,612 were an international passenger as well as 7,482,036 domestic passengers. This airport consists of essential infrastructure assets and the airport provides the thousands of the jobs for the region (Castro, Lohmann, 2014). The company is currently operating a scheduled passenger services with the 10 leased Airbus A330-200 aircraft on the following international and domestic routes:- The CEO and board of directors of the company are willing to change their business model to expand the business and to become a full-service network carrier. To expand the business the airline is planning to expand their current routes along with the product offering to enhance the profitability of the company. The report is prepared by the General Manager to recommending the CEO about the Boeing 787-8 or the Boeing 787-9 aircraft as well as the new product design and route network. Boeing 787-8 and Boeing 787-9 The Boeing 787-8 is designed for the 234 passengers in a third- class setup, 296 passengers in a high-density economy arrangement and approximately 240 in two-class domestic configuration. -8 is the base model of the boing 787, and the first to enter the Boeing service in the year 2011. This 787-8 was formed to replace the Boeing 767-200ER and -300ER along with the replacement the aim of the 787-8 is to expand new non-stop markets (Baker, Mooney, Center, Airplanes, 2014). This Boeing is a strengthened and lengthened variant with a 20 feet longer fuselage. This Boeing is designed for the seating of 280 passengers in a 3 class arrangement. The 787-9 was designed to replace 767-400 ER, along with that 787-9 is to compete with the variants of Airbus A330. These Boeing create a new opportunity for the NZIA to expand the business (Schwartz, Busby, 2014). The Boeing 787-9 and Boeing 787-8 come with some of the similarities that include wings, fuselage, and the payload range capacity. It contains the payload of 54,500 that is 24,700 kg and a range of the 7,635 nautical miles (8,786mi; 14,140Km). With the use of these aircraft, the airline will be able to go on the long as well as on the short routes as the aircraft provide the 20% more fuel efficiency (Wendorff, Alonso, Bieniawski, 2016). Though the fuel capacity of the Boeing 787-8 is 126,206 and Boeing 787-9 is 126,372 which is quite less than the current aircraft of NZIA that is A330-200 (Schwartz, Busb y, 2014). The NZIA can use the Boeing 787-8 and Boeing 787-9 to provide the services in additional cities. The reason being the aircraft is fuel efficient that help the company in reducing the cost of the fuel. The less consumption of fuel will help in making more services on the daily basis. The NZIA can utilize Boeing 787-8 and Boeing 787-9 in completing the following routes:- Auckland to Melbourne (The travel services from Auckland to Melbourne can take place with the help of Boeing 787-8 and Boeing 787-9. It will take 4 hours in the journey of the Auckland to Melbourne; the company can perform daily services). Auckland to Gold Coast (The travel services from Auckland to Gold coast can take place with the help of Boeing 787-8 and Boeing 787-9. This service from Auckland to Gold Coast will be beneficial for the airline companies the reason being the place is a tourist place. It includes different beautiful beached at Surfer's paradise, Coolangatta and Burleigh Heads. So the airline companies in New Zealand will be able to earn profits and that may lead to the growth of the company. New Zealand to London (The travel services from Auckland, New Zealand to London can take place in the Boeing 787-8 and 787-9. This route is connecting route; it will take more than 24 hours to London from Auckland). The routes consist of the short as well as long routes, though the Boeing is better for the long haul sectors. The Boeing is 20% more cost efficient this is the reason the NZIA should use the Boeing for the long routes. Current NZIA network- A330-200 The A330-200 contains the maximum payload of the 36.4 tonnes which is 36,400 kg along with this the range of the A330-200 is 13,450 km. The maximum fuel capacity in A330-200 is 139,090 liters. New Zealand international airport is currently using A330-200; the aircraft provide the benefit of the efficient, reliable and versatile (Airbus, 2017). The airline should continue with the use of the aircraft A330-200 the reason being the aircraft provide the comfort to the passengers along with the comfort it also facilitates the entertainment services to the passengers (Pan,Wang, Zhou, Pan, Zhang, 2015). Competitors of NZIA There are many airline companies that are included in the NZIA, out of which Air New Zealand is one of the popular and leading company. The airline can face the competitors in the domestic market as well as in the international market (Mchinol, 2017). The NZIA is low-cost carrier company who faces the competition from the Jet Connect, Kiwi Air, and Ansett New Zealand (Travel, 2017). Talking about the foreign competitors it includes Qantas, a well know Airline Company of Australia, Pacific Ocean and Jet Star airways, an Australian low-cost airline. Out of these the biggest competitor of the New Zealand International Airport is Qantas which is well known for its LCC policy (Freed, 2017). Though, the Air New Zealand airline company is giving the tough competition to the Qantas in the prices of the traveling. The routes of the jet star include: Christchurch to Auckland Christchurch to Sydney Christchurch to Melbourne Christchurch to Wellington Gold coast to Christchurch These routes show the combination of the Australia and New Zealand. The NZIA should add new routes for the Australia which is going international routes and with the less time duration. The routes of the Qantas include: Auckland to Melbourne Queenstown to Sydney Queenstown to Brisbane Above are some of the routes of the Qantas airline (Qantas, 2017). It is found the routes of the Qantas are generally long routes and the routes of the JetStar airline is generally short routes. Similarly, for the NZIA there should be an availability of the short and long routes (Fabling, Sanderson, 2014). Competitors new routes The leading competitor Australia airline companies are bringing new routes that help the company in earning the profit and also in expanding the business across the world. The possible routes on which now Australian brand, Qantas is going to provide the services include the direct route from Australia to London. The NZIA new Boeing 787- 8 and 787-9 possible new route include New Zealand to London. On the other hand, the competitors have a direct flight to London from Australia but that flight is for 4 hours only that is the reason that flight can be direct flight (Lannin, 2017). London is the place where most of the tourists like to visit it is one of the best tourist places. Terminated flight route of competitors The terminated flight of the Qantas include the many routes but out of those routes there was only one flight route termination and that is New Zealand to Rotorua (Rotorua international airport). The NZIA could try to provide the services from Auckland to Rotorua. The seating capacity of the Boing 787-8 and 787-9 is different from the A330-200 which NZIA is using right now. With the use of the Boeing 787-8 and 787-9, the NZIA will be able to enhance the profitability and along with that, the NZIA will be able to fulfill the demand of the customers. Over here, the customer of the company includes the tourist who wants to visit the place. The tourists like to visit Rotorua the reason being there are several lakes, and it gives the tourist a chance to perform the water activities such as fishing, boating, and white water rafting (Goetz, 2017). The tourist to come to visit New Zealand will definitely like to go for the water activities and that is the reason most of the tourist visit the place on the daily basis. If NZIA uses both the Boeing they can earn the profit because there are no other flights available. Though these beings are fuel efficient that indicates the boing is designed for the long routes (Elias, 2017). Even talking about the connecting flight there is a presence of very less connecting flights. So, NZIA can also provide the services from the Australia. Opportunities to grow the existing network by flying new services between existing stations The NZIA will be able to explore new opportunities with the help of the Boeing 787-8 and 787-9. The company can make use of the Boeings to provide services in different areas. At the initial stage, NZIA should try to provide services at the local areas such as Rotorua. Boeings are fuel efficient so the NZIA should make use Boings for the long routes (Hall, Rusher, 2013). The Auckland airport is willing to create new airport and currently, they are willing to make a hub for travel in Australia. This hub helps in enhancing the opportunities related to the new services. The NZIA can try to bring new innovative services to the customer at the existing stations that become a reason to enhance the growth of the existing network (Lyon, 2016). The company should try to launch a new innovative app that allows the customers to access the entertainment videos, games in the flight as well. The company can make the customer feel personal touch with the help of the APP. The customer will be able to check the details related to the flight. They will be able to check the weather and also the time left to reach the destination. These facilities can be provided to the customer which make them engage in the journey and they would like to visit (Zealand, 2017). Demand for inbound and outbound markets The demand for the inbound and outbound markets may vary according to the customers requirements. It is expected that the demand for the inbound market in New Zealand might include places like Fiord land National Park, South Island, Rotorua, and many others. The New Zealand citizens also like to visit places outside of the New Zealand. Hence, in New Zealand, the demand for the outbound market is increasing day by day (Pham, Nghiem, Dwyer, 2017). The people of New Zealand like to visit places like London, Sydney, Melbourne and many others. These markets are in the demand because these places are well-known tourist places where a tourist likes to visits in the holidays with the family. Recommended product design The pre-flight includes the inspection of an aircraft by its pilot or by the engineer or it may also include the safety briefing to the passengers. In-flight includes the detail description about the safety demonstration, safety instructions (Lyon, Francis, 2016). Before making the use of the Boeing 787-8 and 787-9 there should be proper inspection related to the seating configuration. For this aircraft, the NZIA need to inspect the seat pitch along with the number of seats according to that they are going to make the tickets available to the passengers. The NZIA should make sure that they provide the IFE (in-flight entertainment services) to the passengers on the long routes as well as for the short routes. The company should manage the flight schedule so that there should not be any clashes of time. The NZIA follows LCC policy considering that policy the airline should keep the prices low but with quality services. The booking restrictions should be taken care by the NZIA; there s hould be the proper mode of booking the seats he flights (Jarach, 2017). Identify any existing network enhancements, including additional frequencies or flying new services between existing stations Considering the usage of Boeing 787-8 and 787-9 the company can enhance the existing networks. This enhancement includes the enhancement in the routes of the flights. NZIA should try to add more new long-term network or can extend the existing network. The existing network Auckland to Sydney can be extended to London with a break. These flights are also known as the connecting flights. The additional services that the company can try to provide to its passengers include the services related to the infrastructure, personalization (The cabin crew in the flight need to be aware of the passengers details traveling on the flight. According to those details, the cabin crew members can take care of the employees who are ill or have any problem). This shows that the services that are provided by the company to the passengers. The new services between the existing stations should be provided to the passengers. This service includes the facility of the library (reading and writing areas). Thes e services are going to be provided by the airline Identify new markets for NZIA, including flight frequency The new markets for the NZIA in the near future include the market of the New Zealand domestic, market of the Australia, and the market of the New York. These are the most focus market where NZIA can easily provide their services. Apart from these markets, there are some of the other markets where NZIA can try to provide the services. These markets include Dubai, Japan, China, France, India, London, South Korea and the United States. The flight frequency with the 20 Boeings cant be identified. There are some of the designations where the NZIA give the daily services (Weaver, 2017). The flight frequency will be done according to the demand of the inbound and outbound markets. Auckland- Cook Islands Auckland- Nadi (Fiji) Auckland- Noumea (New Caledonia) These are few of the markets where the NZIA can utilize the Boeing; there are many routes that can be included later on considering the demand of the customers. A flight schedule for Boeing 787-8 or Boeing B787-9 The Boeing 787-8 or Boeing B787-9 will enhance the opportunities for the NZIA. The below is the flight schedule of either the Boeing B787- 8 or Boeing B787-9 aircraft that will return to the New Zealand base after conducting the long haul sectors (Bazargan, 2016). The below schedule shows the arrival time, departure time and the time duration of the flight back to the Auckland, New Zealand. Flight Scehedule Destination Arrival Time Departure Time Time Duration London (LHR)to Dubai (DXB) 9:35 PM 7:30 AM+1 6h 55m Dubai (DXB) to Sydney (SYD) 9:15 AM+1 6:10 AM+2 13h 55m Sydney (SYD) to Auckland (AKL) 10:15 AM+2 3:20 PM+2 3h 05m The New Zealand Boeing B787- 8 or Boeing B787-9 shows the return in which the flight covers the distance initially from London to Dubai which is the distance of approximately 6h 55m. There is Layover time in the Dubai (DXB) of approximately 1h 55m at Dubai. This layover time is basically the rest time which generally takes place in connecting flights. Another layover time comes after Dubai at Sydney. There is Layover time in Sydney (SYD) of approximately 4h 05m. The flight reaches to the New Zealand to Sydney (Australia) to Auckland (New Zealand). This is the long haul schedule that is going to take place in the near future. The NZIA will be able to earn more profit the reason being the NZIA will be able to save amount in the cost of the fuel. The Boeings are fuel efficient that is the reason they will consume less fuel as compared to the other Boeing which makes the opportunity for the company to make a profit. Proposed product design including Pre-flight and in-flight facilities Product design of the Boeing 787-8 and 787-9 consist of the pre-flight and in-flight. The pre-flight design consists of on-ground services and facilities. The on-ground handling services an aircraft needs at that period it remains on the ground. The ground services include the services at the operational areas that include ramp services, cargo and mail services, passenger services, load control, communication, supervision services, and representation services (Burghouwt, G., Poort, Ritsema, 2014). The NZIA airline tries to provide quality services to the members as well as to the customers of the airline. The airport provides the facilities of the airport lounges to some special customers (Desai, Siddique, Yaseen, 2014). The services that are provided to the customers in the business lounge includes:- Rest areas Entertainment Healthy drinks and snacks International newspapers and magazines Fax, telephone, and photocopies Facility of the computers with the Wi-Fi along with the laptop charging facilities. Passenger check-in kiosks make it easier for the passengers to get the print of the boarding pass with the single click. Kiosk check-in can be done by the passenger anytime between 45 minutes to 24 hours before the flight departures for the destinations. Every country has different time of kiosk check-in from the departure place (Castillo-Manzano, Lpez-Valpuesta, 2013). There are different benefits of the kiosk check-in service which enhances the experience of the customers in the flight. In-flight services are also included in the facilities of the airline. The seating configuration by cabin class includes the number of seats by class and also the number seat pitch by class. The flight is consists of the economy class, executive class, and the first class. But talking about the Boeing 787-8 is consisting of the 256 passengers seats which are available in only two-class configuration. Out of 256 seats, 18 seats are available in Business class and 238 seats in Economy Class. The business class feature includes the flatbed seats with 180 degrees of recline (SEATGURU, 2017). The aircraft consists of the exclusive check-in facility with a complimentary amenity kit. Economy class features consist of the improved temperature, illumination control system, choices of the traditional Indian Cuisine or continental along with the Liquor or wine. Inflight entertainment services are provided to the customers that include the Movies, TV shows, Music, news and much more (El-deen, Hasan, Fawzy, 2016). The Boeing 787-8 provides unique in-flight entertainment that includes:- Seat Chat- seat chat allows the passenger to message and chat with the friends and family members on board your flight without leaving the seat. Join Air points- Join Air New Zealand's loyalty programme- Air points- by completing the form via your seatback screen. Destinations- the designation contents will enhance the information of the passenger about the place before reaching. The passengers can get the details related to the attractions, informations, activities and the suggestions of the visited events. Screen share- share your screen and watch the same music, movies or TV shows on the seat next to you at the same time. Join koru- the passenger can now join the Air New Zealands Koru programme from the comfort of passengers seat. Koru provides many benefits to the passengers who fly with the air new Zealand such as priority baggage, and the premium check-in plus and many more services. The above given are in-flight entertainment services provided to the passengers of the airline (Air New Zealand, 2017). These extra benefits and facilities help in enhancing the experience of the passengers with that particular flight and that helps the airline to enhance the customer loyalty along with the profit. Conclusion The report throws light on the NZIA operation management which shows the aircraft used by the company currently. The report is made by the manager of the NZIA to the CEO to recommend the Boeing aircraft 787-8 or 787-9. The paper shows the importance of the Boeing 787-8 and 787-9 to the airline. It includes the competitors routes of the NZIA and the routes on which the NZIA can utilize the Boeing 787-8 and 787-9. NZIA can try to utilize the Boeings on the terminated routes of the competitors. The new routes that are going to be followed by the competitors can give the guidance to the NZIA to analyze the efficiency of the Boeing. The NZIA can go on the new routes according to the demand of the inbound and the outbound markets (Heizer, 2016). The report also includes the details related to the proposal for the future network for the 20 aircraft which can be used by the company to enhance the operations and the working of the NZIA. This also helps to grow in the market and to make the profit out of it. The report shows the market and the routes that can be followed by the NZIA in the near future. The flight schedule of the Boeing 787-8 or boeing787-9 is discussed after operating the long haul sectors. The product design of the NZIA is discussed which include the pre-flight and in-flight facilities that are provided to the passengers that helps the company in enhancing the experience of the passengers in the Boeing 787-8 and 787-9. The CEO of the NZIA should consider the benefits of the Boeing 787-8 and 787-9 which helps in increasing the operations of the NZIA. The Boeing is beneficial in enhancing the profit of the company the reason being the aircraft are 20% more fuel efficient and will consume less fuel which will save the amount of the airline. There will benefit of the passengers they are going to get the flight tickets at the low price. References Air New Zealand, 2017, About Our Inflight Entertainment, viewed on 24th September 2017, https://www.airnewzealand.co.nz/entertainment/july-2017/all/about Airbus, 2017, A330-200, viewed on 19th September 2017, https://www.aircraft.airbus.com/aircraftfamilies/passengeraircraft/a330family/a330-200/ Baker, M. D. D., Mooney, M. D. P., Center, D., Airplanes, B. C. (2014). BOEING 7878 DESIGN, CERTIFICATION, AND MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS REVIEW. Bazargan, M. (2016). Airline operations and scheduling. Routledge. Burghouwt, G., Poort, J., Ritsema, H. (2014). Lessons learnt from the market for air freight ground handling at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Journal of Air Transport Management, 41, 56-63. Castillo-Manzano, J. I., Lpez-Valpuesta, L. (2013). Check-in services and passenger behaviour: Self service technologies in airport systems. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(6), 2431-2437. Castro, R., Lohmann, G. (2014). Airport branding: Content analysis of vision statements. Research in Transportation Business Management, 10, 4-14. Desai, S. S., Siddique, C. M., Yaseen, Z. (2014). Segmentation of Airline Market in the GCC Region: Profiling Business Customers Using Low Cost and Full Service Carriers. In International Conference on Technology and Business Management March (Vol. 24, p. 26). El-deen, R. M. B., Hasan, S. B., Fawzy, N. M. (2016). The effect of airport and in-flight service quality on customer satisfaction. International Journal of Heritage, Tourism, and Hospitality, 10(1/2). Elias, B. (2017). Air Traffic Inc.: Considerations Regarding the Corporatization of Air Traffic Control. Fabling, R., Sanderson, L. (2014). Foreign acquisition and the performance of New Zealand firms. New Zealand Economic Papers, 48(1), 1-20. Freed, J., 2017, Trans-Tasman competition heats up as foreign airlines enter market, viewed on 19th September 2017, https://www.stuff.co.nz/travel/news/76207978/transtasman-competition-heats-up-as-foreign-airlines-enter-market Goetz, A. R. (2017). 15. Air transport: speed, global connectivity and timespace convergence. Handbook on Geographies of Technology, 211. Hall, C. M., Rusher, K. (2013). Risky lifestyles? Entrepreneurial characteristics of the New Zealand bed and breakfast sector. Small in Firms Tourism, Michael, HC and K. Rusher (Eds.). Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 83-98. Heizer, J. (2016). Operations Management, 11/e. Pearson Education India. Jarach, D. (2017). Airport marketing: Strategies to cope with the new millennium environment. Routledge. Lannin, S., 2017 August 15th, Qantas prepares for non-stop routes to London and New York as profit slips 17 per cent, ABC News, viewed on 19th September 2017, https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-08-25/qantas-flags-16-hour-direct-flights-london-profits-slip/8841572 Lyon, D. (2016). Case studies from New Zealand about the shifting nature of airportairline relationships. Journal of Airport Management, 10(4), 402-415. Lyon, D., Francis, G. (2016). Current Issues in Airport Management in New Zealand. Air Transport in the Asia Pacific, 53. Mchinol, H., 2017, Sweet spot for Kiwi travellers as competition hits air travel costs, Air NZ says, viewed on 19th September 2017, https://www.stuff.co.nz/business/industries/89703393/Sweet-spot-for-Kiwi-travellers-as-competition-hits-air-travel-costs-Air-NZ-says Pan, W., Wang, Z., Zhou, G., Pan, Z., Zhang, H. (2015, January). Flight Delay Cost Optimization based on Ground Power Supply. In Proceedings of the 2015 international informatics and computer engineering conference. Xian (pp. 10-11). Pham, T. D., Nghiem, S., Dwyer, L. (2017). The determinants of Chinese visitors to Australia: A dynamic demand analysis. Tourism Management, 63, 268-276. Qantas, 2017, Route Maps, viewed on 19th September 2017, https://www.qantas.com/travel/airlines/route-maps/global/en Schwartz, L. A., Busby, J. (2014). The 787 Dreamliner: Will it be a dream or nightmare for Boeing Co.?. Journal of Case Research in Business and Economics, 5, 1. Schwartz, L. A., Busby, J. (2014). The 787 Dreamliner: Will it be a dream or nightmare for Boeing Co.?. Journal of Case Research in Business and Economics, 5, 1. SEATGURU, 2017, Boeing 787-8 (788), viewed on 24th September 2017, https://www.seatguru.com/airlines/Air_India/Air_India_Boeing_787-8.php Travel, 2017, Air NZ's competitors on domestic market, viewed on 19th September 2017, https://tvnz.co.nz/business/air-nz-s-competitors-domestic-market-1319689 Weaver, A. (2017). a case study of new Zealand. The Routledge Handbook of Consumer Behaviour in Hospitality and Tourism, 459. Wendorff, A. D., Alonso, J. J., Bieniawski, S. R. (2016). Using Multiple Information Sources to Construct Stochastic Databases to Quantify Uncertainty in Certification Maneuvers. In 57th AIAA/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference (p. 1420). Zealand, S. N. (2017). International Visitor Arrivals to New Zealand: January 2014.

4 Fears Youll Experience During the Application Process

What makes the college application process so scary and borderline unmanageable? One student shares her thoughts. Here are four common fears boiled down.Rejection:As a High school student one of my biggest fears about the college application process is rejection. Coming from a very competitive college prep school, going to college has never even been a question. And on top of that, getting accepted to a prestigious college is expected. I don’t want to fall in love with a school, pour my heart and soul into the application, only to get rejected. This fear stems from worrying about getting into my top choice college but also any college at all. What if no colleges accept me? What if all the time I have spent working hard in high school doesnt pay off? I have imagined having conversations with my peers having to say â€Å"I actually did not get in anywhere†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and that is a conversation I really hope I never have. Stress: During the application process I have heard that spending your time wisely is incredibly important. As the deadlines get closer I fear that my tendency to procrastinate will hurt me in the long run. I often spend late nights finishing supplements the night before they are due. With all the stress that comes with the first semester of senior year it’s impossible not to feel stressed out by the hours of work assigned every night and on top of that, studying for standardized tests, and writing college applications. At times it feels like everyone is so ahead of me in the process, and isnt feeling the same stress that I am. I want to still be able to have some time for myself during my last year of high school and not have to constantly be thinking about getting into college.Making the Wrong Decision:I fear that I will make the wrong choice when deciding what college to attend. It’s pretty hard to know if a college will live up to the expectations you have. I dont want to find myself unhappy at a school that I once thought I loved so much. Visiting and taking tours can only show so much about a college, it could be completely different once I get there. I don’t want to look back on my decision and feel like I chose the wrong place to spend four of the most important years of my life.Fear of the Unknown:It’s hard to know what life in college will be like. Spending 18 years at home and suddenly moving out to somewhere I have never been is a scary thing. Although many parts of me are excited to be on my own, leaving my family and all my friends makes me really nervous. I will no longer see familiar faces every day and I wont have people who have known me my whole life to rely on anymore. I also dont want to lose touch with my high school friends when we all go to different colleges. Choosing where to go to college is an incredibly important decision. Make an informed choice by talking to current students on ourmentorship platform. Access 60,000+ successfulcollege application filesuploaded by college students (they get paid when you view them). is a community of students helping students. Our goal is to bring much-needed transparency to higher education.

Sexually Transmitted Diseases Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers

Sexually Transmitted Diseases Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers Sexually Transmitted Diseases 05-16-97 A major question facing many teenagers is whether or not to have sex. A result of having sex is contracting sexually transmitted diseases. Sexually transmitted diseases, or venereal diseases affect 10 to 12 million Americans each year. (Daugirdas 75) In the United States, sexually transmitted diseases strike an average of one person every 1.5 seconds. (76) About half of STD patients are under the age of twenty-five. (Landers 45) Nearly 2.5 million teenagers are infected with these deadly diseases. (Welsh A-5) A few types of sexually transmitted diseases are gonorrhea, herpes, chlamydia, syphilis, etc. These diseases can be fatal if not attended to. In addition to those epidemic diseases already mentioned, such diseases include syphilis, crab lice, vaginal infection caused by the Hemophilus bacterium, molluscum contagiosum, chancroid, and the list goes on and on. There are many ways to transmit these diseases. Transmission of all these diseases occurs only by intimate contact with an infected person, because all of the causative organisms die quickly if removed from the human body. (Leone 128) Although the usual area of contact is the genital, the practice of anal and oral sex also leads to cases of anal and oral infections. (130) A few of these diseases, notably chancroid and scabies, can be spread by the infected person from one area of skin to another by the hands. (Daugardis 86) Gonorrhea, syphilis, and chlamydial infections can also be transmitted from a pregnant woman to her infant, either in the uterus or during birth. Such congenital infections can be quite severe. Although venereal infections start at the external genitalia, they can spread to the prostate, uterus, testes, and nearby organs. (87) Most of these infections cause only irritation, itching, and minor pain, but gonorrhea and chlamydial urethritis are a major cause of infertility in women. People with sexually transmitted diseases may have no symptoms or symptoms that are so mild that they do not aware the person to seek medical attention. For example, almost half of the women with gonorrhea have no significant symptoms, and up to 3 percent of men will feel perfectly well. (Welsh A-5) Some STDs have overlapping symptoms. Swelling of the lymph nodes in the groin may accompany many sexually transmitted infections and may be tender or painless. (Leone 135) Such swelling may be the only manifestation of a relatively rare STD called lymphogranuloma venereum. Unusual or increased discharge from the penis or vagina can be a symptom of a number of STDs, including gonorrhea, chlamydia, and particularly in women, vaginitis, which encompasses three different infections: bacterial, yeast, and trichomoniasis, which is caused by a protozoan. (135) Some STDs can cause skin lesions in the genital area. One of the first symptoms of syphilis is the chancre, a relatively painless ulcer found at the site of infection, which is usually, but not always, the genital area. (Daugardis 107) Herpes causes sores in the genital area that are very similar to cold sores. Genital warts, caused by the human papilloma virus, resemble warts on other parts of the body and can be found both internally and externally in the genital region. (108) Large, painful genital ulcers are symptomatic of the bacterial infection chancroid, common is Southeast Asia, but rare in the United States. (Leone 137) Small bumps around the genitals may be molluscum contagiosum, a viral disease spread by contact; this infection is also acquired nonsexually by young children. Itchy, crusted scabies lesions result from infestation with the mite Sarcoptes scabiei, which burrows into the superficial layers of the skin. Itching in the pubic hair region may result from infestation with Phthirus pubis, the crab louse, which is spread by close contact. (138) This epidemic nature of sexually transmitted diseases attests to the difficulty of controlling them. Some public health officials attribute the increase in many of these diseases to increasing sexual activity. Also significant may be the replacement of the condom with birth control pills and diaphragms. Patterns of sexually transmitted disease also change. Whereas syphilis and gonorrhea were both epidemic at one time, widespread use of penicillin brought syphilis under moderate control. (Scott 52) Attention then turned to control of gonorrhea, at which time syphilis again began to increase in frequency. (52) The

BUS305, Competitive Analysis and Business Cycles Mod 2 Case Assignment Essay

BUS305, Competitive Analysis and Business Cycles Mod 2 Case Assignment - Essay Example The proponents of rent control cite inflation and lack of affordability of housing units, arguing that shelter is a basic need that government policy should address. High rents would discourage industries because relocation of workers would be costly, and the arbitrary or unreasonable raising of rents of landlords, exercising their market power, can force workers to move out of areas of employment, with attendant high costs to them. Therefore some kind of control is necessary. The proponents also argue that present conditions are not really that bad for the landlords because of "vacancy decontrol" allowed, when they can raise the rent to about market clearing level once a tenant moves out. Also in some areas, new construction is exempt from rent control, no doubt a compromise solution to the possible incidence of urban decay caused by lack of maintenance of rental properties subject to rent control. There are also tax deductions that landlords are allowed to make on the properties - such as those that pertain to depreciation and real estate taxes. In some jurisdictions, landlords are allowed to raise rents at a certain ratio in relation to the increase in the Consumer Price Index, say, 60 per cent. It is not as bad for landlords as it is often portrayed. Those who are against rent control are numerous and preponderant. Many studies have confirmed that rent control benefits tenants and harms landlords (Nicholson, 1997). Even in the 1950s, waiting times for new apartments in Sweden were said to have reached 3 years because of the shortage. Secondly, rent controls affect housing quality: Landlords can refuse to do maintenance and repair work on the pertinent unit thus reducing their quality and the supply of units. If tenants insist that maintenance work be done, landlords can always tell them to leave if they are unhappy. The deterioration of housing units subject to rent control is such that Vietnamese Foreign Minister

Poverty and wealth in South America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Poverty and wealth in South America - Essay Example Nowadays, universal individual views on what constitutes poverty wealth, as one might suppose, variety extensively. In a few examples, people grasp the view that poverty is usually a need of food, shelter or clothing. In further cases, people consider poverty consists of lack of appropriate sanitation, nutrition, utilities, and/or heath care. In the United States, the federal government provides numerous description of what poverty and wealth is or how it is to be deliberate. Though, two of the meanings stand out on top of all others. Formally, for arithmetical purposes, the U.S. Census Bureau describes poverty by establishing poverty thresholds. Every year the Bureau approximation the yearly sum of cash earnings that is modestly necessary to prop up families of a range of sizes. The poverty doorstep is premeditated by a method by pretax or gross income and prohibits non-cash benefits such as food stamps and Medicaid. If a family's earnings are beneath the chosen doorstep, the family is measured poor.3 The chief causes of poverty in America are known a lot notice in the literature. A lot of the ordinary foundation for poverty is attributable to idiosyncratic uniqueness; such as, inferior levels of edification, be short of of profitable skills, dire family situations and family the past, in danger existing environments and situation, and physical or mental disabilities.4 From one more viewpoint, the causes of scarcity are additional structural in nature. Associated with these fundamental reasons for poverty are the traditional and moderate explanations or views of poverty. Recommendations Government Responses The government rejoinder to poverty and wealth in the U.S., in provisos of mutually policy and programs, is measured amid numerous experts and observers to be a contentious one. Governmental anti-poverty programs drop into eight categories: Medical care (mostly Medicaid and State Children's Health Insurance Program); Cash support Food support Housing assist Educational assistance Services Job and guidance programs Energy support The Poverty and wealth Rate The majority economists consider that whilst a snapshot of the poverty rate is enlightening, a further delegate poverty rate in excess of moment gives an extra precise picture of poverty. The phase of time typically known as 'delegate' is three years. As a result, an assessment or investigation of the poverty rate in South Carolina over a 3-year era is pleasing, chiefly with contrast to southeastern and U.S. averages. By federal meaning, South

The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction Essay

The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction - Essay Example With the development of human civilization, mechanical reproduction of a work of art was introduced. It had given a new direction to the work of art both in scale and perception. With the passage of time, new and improved techniques were developed to reproduce or replicate the work of art. The woodcut graphic art was the first form of reproducible art. Later, the printing was introduced. Printing had brought an enormous change both in literature and ancient script. â€Å"During the Middle Ages engraving and etching were added to the woodcut and at the beginning of the 19th century lithography made its appearance† (Benjamin, 42). Lithography, enabled the graphic artists first time, to put its products on the market not only in large numbers as hitherto, but also in daily changing forms. Nevertheless, it could not sustain too long as after a few decades lithography was surpassed buy photography. Photography, along with technical reproduction of sound later around 1900, not only accelerated the process of technical reproduction of art, but also brought it to a standard where any visual or auditory images of art can appear and disappear at a simple movement of hand. It also shadowed its strong impact on society and captured a place of its own among the artistic processes.

Health Promotion And HIV

Health Promotion And HIV The origins of health promotion lie in the 19th century when epidemic disease eventually led to pressure for sanitary reform for the overcrowded industrial towns. Alongside the health movement emerged the idea of educating the public for the good of its health (Naidoo and Wills, 2000). In 1977 the World health Assembly at Alma Ata committed all member countries to the principles of Health for all 2000 (HFA 2000) that there should be the attainment by all the people of the world by the tear 2000 of a level of health that will permit them to lead a socially and economically productive life Naidoo and Wills, 2000). The Ottawa charter held on the 21st of November 1986 was the first international conference on health promotion and provided the basis for the current practice of health promotion. It defined health promotion as the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health. To reach a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, an individ ual or group must be able to identify and to realize aspirations, to satisfy needs, and to change or cope with the environment (WHO, 1986). Health is, therefore, seen as a resource for everyday life, not the objective of living. Health is a positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources, as well as physical capacities. Therefore, health promotion is not just the responsibility of the health sector, but goes beyond healthy life-styles to well-being. It went ahead to identify strategies for health promotion namely; build healthy public policy, create supportive environment, strengthen community actions, develop personal skill and reorient health services (WHO, 1986). HIV/AIDS BACKGROUND AND ZIMBABWE The HIV virus is the cause of the Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). All countries of the world are now affected with about 39.5million people living with the disease globally. 2.1million of the global 2.9million deaths due to AIDS in 2006 occurred in Africa ( UNAIDS/WHO, 2007). The extent of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) epidemic in Africa makes it qualitatively different from other regions. According to UNICEF (2005), the HIV/AIDS epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa has already orphaned a generation of children and it projected that by 2010, 18 million African children less than 18 years are likely to be orphaned by HIV. Africa has the worlds youngest population, with the youth constituting 33% of the total population. Subà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Sahara Africa is home to 70% of young people living with HIV/AIDS and 90% of the AIDS orphans in the world. Vulnerability to HIV/AIDS is compounded by gender and age, making young people and women in particular more likely to contract the virus than others. The age distribution of HIV infection in Africa is skewed towards younger females, with infection rates among teenage girls five times higher than teenage boys in some countries.Zimbabwe is not spared this burden. One in six African is a Zimbabwe which has a population of about estimate of 140 million people. The first case of the Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) was identified in Zimbabwe in 1986. HIV prevalence then rose steadily from 1.8% in 1998 to 5.8% in 2001. However, in the 2003 survey, the National HIV prevalence had dropped to 5%. At a current level of 5.6%, HIV/AIDS prevalence is highest amongst young people less than 30 years (World Bank, 2006). Several factors have been identified as the most important in driving the HIV epidemic in Zimbabwe. These include; early marriage of females and inadequate access to condoms and contraceptives particularly for young people. Young peoples lack of access to contraceptives is exacerbated by the age-structured society where children and young people have little or no control over their health, especially sexual health. There is also inadequate sexual education in schools as well as a restricted discussion of sexual health matters in public and even in families. Zimbabweans can have multiple wives as they think they can afford to take care of. This is very ambiguous and the result is that a lot of women are mistreated and left to take care of themselves without actually being empowered to do so. Other factors implicated are the presence of other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), stigmatization and the inadequacy of health care systems (APIN, 2006). In addition, various cultural prac tices and values influence the health practices and sexual behaviour of our focus group. This makes them particularly vulnerable. Vulnerability can be defined as the degree to which an individual or a population has control over their risk of acquiring HIV, or the degree to which those people who are infected an affected by HIV are able to access appropriate care and support. (AIDS Vancouver, 2005) Zimbabwe being a male-dominated society, women are viewed as inferior to men, in some areas in particular in rural areas and some townships. Womens traditional role is to have children and be responsible for the home. Their low status, lack of access to education, and certain social and cultural practices increase their vulnerability to HIV infection. Many marriage practices violate womens human rights and contribute to increasing HIV rates among women and girls. Zimbabwe has legal minimum age for marriage, however in some areas early marriage is known to be allowed by parents, as they consider it a way to protect their young daughters from the outside world and maintain their chastity. Girls may get married between the ages of 14 and 15, and a large age gap usually exists between husbands and wives. Young married girls are at risk of contracting HIV from their husbands because it is considered acceptable for men to have sexual partners outside of marriage and even for some men to have more than one wife. Because of their age, lack of education, and low status, young married girls cannot negotiate condom use to protect th emselves against HIV and other STIs. Practices such as female genital mutilation also contribute to the scourge (APIN, 2006). COMPARATIVE STATISTICS From Appendix 1(behind), the tables show WHO statistics (2007) and compares different parameters from Zimbabwe, Brazil and South-Africa. It estimates Zimbabwes population, for 2005, at 131.5 million. This is compared to South Africas figure of 47.4 million and 186.4 million for Brazil. Zimbabwe and Brazil are classed as developing countries while South Africa is a middle-income African country. All these countries have achieved varying degrees of success in the fight against HIV/AIDS. Deaths due to HIV (per 100,000) are 8 for Brazil, 167 for Zimbawe and 675 for South Africa. Figures for HIV prevalence in adults aged 15 years and above show that the prevalence is reduced in Brazil (454 per 100,000 people), but Zimbabwe (3,547 per 100,000 population) and South Africa (16,579 per 100,000 population) still have very high numbers. This buttresses the fact that Africa still has major problems in the fight against HIV/AIDS. HIV/AIDS POLICY IN ZIMBABWE According to the Federal Government of Zimbabwe, the overall goal of the HIV/AIDS Policy is to control the spread of HIV, to provide equitable care and support for those infected by HIV and to mitigate its impact to the point where it is no longer of public health, social and economic concern, such that all Zimbabweans will be able to achieve socially and economically productive lives free of the disease and its effects. (Federal Government of Zimbabwe, National Policy on HIV/AIDS, 2003; pp. 13-14). The objectives of the policy include, among others to foster behaviour change as the main means of controlling the epidemic and to ensure that prevention programmes are developed and targeted at vulnerable groups such as women and children, adolescents and young adults, sex workers, long distance commercial vehicle drivers, prison inmates and migrant labour. The target is to improve the knowledge, attitude, behaviour and practices of high-risk populations, including youths and adolescents , to HIV/AIDS by 20 percent by the year 2005 and 40% by 2010. With the WHO statistics, there seem to be a lot of work to be done in achieving the above target. YOUTH EMPOWERMENT MODEL THE INTERVENTION The model was developed by a combination of two existing models of health promotion namely Caplan Holland (1990) and Beattie (1991) (Naidoo and Wills, 2000). Beatties model uses criteria of mode of intervention (authoritative-negotiated) and focus of intervention (individual-collective) whereas Caplan and Holland use theories of knowledge and theories of society (Naidoo and Wills, 2000). From Caplan Holland (1990) the following components were taken: radical humanistic perspective (empowerment approach) and humanistic perspective (educational approach). From Beattie (1991) were taken; health Persuasion (educational approach) and personal counselling (behavioural approach). This model thus comprises of the 4 components namely; Radical Humanist/Empowerment approach where individuals are encouraged to form social and organizational networks including self-help groups, Humanist/Health Education approach this involves peer education and awareness campaigns, including activities such as dramas, role plays and debates, Health Persuasion which is essentially behaviour modification and life skills, Personal counselling which is client led and focus on personal development. The health promoter is a facilitator rather than an expert. (Naidoo and Wills, 2000). APPROACHES The components of this model made use of three main approaches to health promotion: behavioural, educational and empowerment approaches. The empowerment approach is based mainly on the formation of social and organisational networks including self-help groups, peer groups, abstinence clubs etc. The emphasis of this approach is to help people to identify their own concerns and gain the skill and confidence to act upon them Naidoo and Wills, (2000), and the behavioural approach aims at behaviour modification. It also uses personal counselling as a means of promoting healthy sexual behaviour, therefore aiming to impart life skills to the students, which would teach them to communicate, to learn to say no to casual sex, to wait till the right time and to make the right decisions. The educational approach aims to provide knowledge and information with the hope that this information would enable the students to make the right and informed choices (Naidoo and Wills, 2000). This would be achieved by means of awareness campaigns, debates, lectures, dramas, role plays, posters and other information, education and communication (IEC) materials. A key part of the education of these students would be peer education. Over the years, there have been various studies and theories supporting the use of peer education as a successful health promotion strategy. Peer pressure can be quite enormous and influential particularly in the focus age group. APPLYING THE COMPONENTS OF THE MODEL DISCUSSION As earlier mentioned, there are four main components of this health promotion model: health education, health persuasion, empowerment and personal counselling. EMPOWERMENT Empowerment in the broadest sense is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.the process by which disadvantaged people work together to increase control over events that determine their lives'(Laverack, 2004). This entails raising consciousness of both the primary and secondary audiences; emphasis is on the exploration of personal responses to health issues. The students are encouraged to form social networks such as self-help groups and peer-educator-led groups. These social networks can lead to self-empowerment. The WHOs definition of health promotion as increasing peoples control over their health places it alongside the key concept of community empowerment (Laverack, 2004). Community empowerment can be viewed as both a process (something used to accomplish a particular goal or objective) and an outcome (in which empowerment is the goal or objective itself). There is considerable overlap between community empowerment and other concepts such as community participation and community development. Community empowerment builds from the individual to the group to the broader community (Laverack, 2004). Health promoters have conventionally viewed community empowerment as a part of bottom-up approached. In this the outside agent act to support the community in the identification of issues which are important and relevant to their lives, and to enable them to develop strategies to resolve these issues. Community empowerment includes personal (psychological) empowerment, organizational empowerment and broader social and political changes. Community empowerment has been viewed in health promotion literature as a five-point continuum model comprising the following elements; personal action, the development of small mutual groups, community organizations, partnership, social and political action. Each point on the continuum can be viewed as an outcome in itself, as well as a progression onto the next point. If not achieved the outcome is stasis or even a move back to the preceding point on the continuum (Laverack, 2004). The latter goes on to say the dichotomy between top-down disease prevention and lifestyle change and bottom-up community empowerment approaches is not as fixed as it is sometimes portrayed. As applied in this youth empowerment model, both approaches were used. HEALTH EDUCATION Health promotion is rooted in the narrower, more established field of health education. Health education is communication activity aimed at enhancing positive health and preventing or diminishing ill-health in individuals and groups, through influencing the beliefs, attitudes, and behaviour of those with power and of the community at large (Downie et al, 2006). Use of education in health promotion has to do with communication aimed at enhancing well-being and preventing ill-health through influencing knowledge and attitudes. The purpose is to provide knowledge and information, and to develop the necessary skills so that a person can make informed choice about their health behaviour (Naidoo and Wills, 2005). Health education interventions are valued because they empower people, enabling them to make desired changes and increase their control over their health. It involves working directly with them, enabling communication and feedback that in turn can be used to fine-tune the intervention, enhancing its effectiveness (Naidoo and Wills, 2009). This can be carried out in classrooms, and clubs aiming to empower the students. The peer educators will also be used at this stage as well as PLWHA. The contents for education in HIV prevention will include issues such as meaning and cause of HIV/AIDS, means of transmission non-transmission, modes of prevention, available treatment and management for PLWHA. HEALTH PERSUASION Health persuasion in this initiative forms a part of the Prevention Education. These are intentions directed at individuals and involve mainly health professionals, trained counsellors and peer educators, all acting as facilitators. The aim of this is to influence the development of positive health behaviour in the students, so that as they grow older, they can have good sexual health. People Living with HIV/AIDS are also involved as they are some of the greatest champions of HIV prevention as earlier mentioned. The ultimate aim of health persuasion is encouraging people to adopt healthy and careful lifestyles. The emphasis is on abstinence, safer sex and faithful partnership. The avenues included: classrooms and School HIV/AIDS prevention clubs, distribution of fliers and Information, Education and Communication (IEC) materials and involvement of People Living with HIV/AIDS. PERSONAL COUNSELLING This focused on personal development and students (one-on-one or in groups) are helped by a facilitator to identify their health needs to increase their confidence and life skills. Peer Education This is the teaching or sharing of information, values and behaviours between individuals with shared characteristics such as behaviour, experience, status or social and cultural backgrounds (Macdowall et al, 2006). It is a prevention strategy for reaching youth either in school settings or for marginalized out of school youth, mainly through community based out reach programmes. Approaches to recruiting peer educators have included; providing information about a project and then asking for volunteers (Macdowall et al, 2006) identifying and approaching popular opinion leaders from among target groups; and asking members of the target groups to nominate peers. HEALTH PROMOTION RATIONALE Zimbabwe for obvious reasons stated above has a problem in tackling the scourge of HIV/AIDS and this required a multi-pronged approach in order to make an impact. Thus, developing a health promotion model targeted at the youth is in place. According to WHO, it is imperative to focus on young people because they have a high risk of contracting HIV since once they become sexually active, they often have several, usually consecutive, short-term sexual relationships and do not consistently use condoms. Likewise, IV drug use spreads at an alarming rate in this age group. Furthermore, young people often have insufficient information and understanding about HIV/AIDS; they may not be aware of their vulnerability to it or how best to prevent it. They also often lack access to the means of protecting themselves (WHO, 2004). The National HIV/AIDS policy specifically focuses on adolescents and youths, with a view to changing their sexual behaviour and practices, particularly before they become s exually active. School based programmes are logical avenues to provide most youth with preventive health education which should include helping the youth to identify their personal values and to promote positive self -esteem to enable them to resist pressure to engage in risky sexual behaviour. Zimbabwe practices a 7-2-3 system of education. Here individuals are expected to spend 7 years in the primary school, 2 years in sixth form 3-4 years in the University. The secondary school age in Zimbabwe is between 12-18 years. The focus for the model is in high school students aged 12 to 18. There were several reasons why the school is a key arena for health promotion. First, in accordance with a prevention is better than cure philosophy, it is better to encourage young people to adopt healthful lifestyles than to try to change unhealthful behaviour patterns in adulthood. Secondly, there is evidence that risk factors for disease in adulthood often originate early in life. Thirdly, schools provides a unique opportunity to augment other influences on health-related behaviour with properly planned programmes of health education (Downie et al, 2006). As early as 1982, it was reported that the age of first sexual intercourse had continued to drop in Zimbabwe and was then such that 50% of 16 year kids were already sexually active (Nwokocha and Nwakoby, 2002). Thus, the age range for the study is appropriate to equip them before they become sexually active. Mzikazi High School Bulawayo, Zimbabwe was the chosen high school. Mzilikazi is in Matebelaland, second capital city of Zimbabwe with an estimated population of 1.2 million residents. The city has a rich tourism culture and hospitality. Current research estimates the prevalence of HIV in Bulawayo at 6.19% , making it the second highest of all the states in Zimbabwe (The Herald News, 2006). Its easy access to Victoria Falls makes it a centre for visitors from different parts of the world. All these aid the sex trade in a country so rich yet poverty is the order of the day. People who do possess some knowledge about HIV often do not protect themselves because they lack the skills, support or incentives to adopt safe behaviours. High levels of awareness among the youth, a population group particularly vulnerable and significant as regards the spread of HIV/Aids, have not led, in many cases, to sufficient behavioural change. Young people may lack the skills to negotiate abstinence or condom use, or be fearful or embarrassed to talk with their partner about sex. Lack of open discussion and guidance about sexuality is often lacking in the home, and many young people pick up misinformation from their peers instead. PARTNERS IN THIS HEALTH PROMOTION The key partners in this initiative were the primary the students, and the secondary parents, teachers, school nurse and other members of the school community including staff. Other partners included professionals such as all clinical health practitioners such as doctors, nurses, and others health professionals who will act as facilitators, the local School Authorities, and donor agencies that are focused on HIV/AIDS issues they play a very crucial roles in community HIV prevention programmes. Donor agencies were involved in the provision of funds that were used in executing the project. PLWHA (People living with HIV/AIDS) have very important impact as people see for themselves living testimonies of the HIV scourge. It must be stated that stigmatization and discrimination against PLWHA are common in Zimbabwe. Nevertheless, some progress has been made more recently because of increased national campaigns and more visible and vocal societies and support groups for people infected with or affected by HIV. Their efforts have helped educate the public about HIV/AIDS, dispelling myths and giving the disease a human face (APIN, 2006). A potential reason for failure of school health promotion is that of culture clash between the school and the home and elsewhere (Downie et al, 2006) hence the inclusion of the parents in the secondary audience. However while the concepts of outcome succees were addressed to some degree in the study, there was nevertheless, a lack of firm and consistent evidence that positive outcomes had been achieved by the partnership concerned. Partnership working is seen as providing benefits that are achievable, improve health of whole population through working in partnerships with groups and individual to systematically address health needs within a community, (Coles and Porter, 2009). The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organised efforts of society, (Achenson, 1998). Wilson and Charlton (2004), claim that culture clashes in partnership working can often expected between people from different social background. In this study the barrier between the partners was the cultural background for the children , parents and the leaders. In this instance the NGOs were the leaders of the health promotion. The break down in communication and understanding of the intended education started when the educators told the students it is advisable to use condoms whenever you have sex. In Zimbabwe there is a deep-seated unwillingness to talk openly about sex, partly due to rules of re spect that lie at the heart of family and kinship structures, which limit communication across generation and sexual divides. Certain prevalent cultural norms and practices related to sexuality contribute to the risk of HIV infection. Negative attitudes towards condoms, as well as difficulties negotiating and following through with their use. Men in southern Africa regularly do not want to use condoms, because of beliefs such that flesh to flesh sex is equated with masculinity and is necessary for male health. Condoms also have strong associations of unfaithfulness, lack of trust and love, and disease. Certain sexual practices, such as dry sex (where the vagina is expected to be small and dry), and unprotected anal sex, carry a high risk of HIV because they cause abrasions to the lining of the vagina or anus. In cultures where virginity is a condition for marriage, girls may protect their virginity by engaging in unprotected anal sex. The importance of fertility in African communities may hinder the practice of safer sex. Young women under pressure to prove their fertility prior to marriage may try to fall pregnant, and therefore do not use condoms or abstain from sex. Fathering many children is also seen as a sign of virile masculinity. Polygamy is practised in some parts of southern Africa. Even where traditional polygamy is no longer the norm, men tend to have more sexual partners and to use the services of sex workers. This is condoned by the widespread belief that males are biologically programmed to need sex with more than one woman, ( ). Urbanisation and migrant labour expose people to a variety of new cultural influences, with the result that traditional and modern values often co-exist. Certain traditional values that could serve to protect people from HIV infection, such as abstinence from sex before marriage, are being eroded by cultural modernisation. ( ). However the NGOs wanted to continue with this education even the other secondary partners could tell it is affecting the whole process, with advice to first stop teaching the children, educate the parents first so when the children are taught it does not cause conflict. This dilemma here appears largely about power who has it, who needs it, and how much? Successful partnership requires leaders to redefine the boundaries of power in the organisation, and this can prove challenging, ( ). Careful design of the organisations decision-making processes and the setting of clear boundaries can help you tackle the leadership dilemma. Therefore with partnership, effective communication enables us to discuss each others concerns, acknowledge our different points of view and strive to understand those views. Good communication is especially important when there are strong views or feelings about an issue. The key thing to remember is that communication goes in all directions. Effective communic ation isnt just about telling people things. Its mostly about listening to each other. Consequently good communication is crucial to partnership. Lack of communication often creates an information vacuum. This vacuum is sometimes filled with rumour and speculation. . Evaluation Two different views of evaluation pervade the literature on health promotion. From the first view point, evaluation involves assessing an activity in terms of the aims or specific objectives of that activity. William (1987) has written as follows: .the purpose of evaluation is that it should demonstrate whether an activity has been successful or to what degree it has failed to achievee some stated aims. Before we can evaluate, then, we need to be clear about the aims of the activity in relation to the degree of attainment of these aims. From the second view point, evaluation is a broader process. It involves assessing an activity by measuring it against a standard which is not necessarily related to the specific objectives or purpose of the activity. This approach has been advocated by Green et al. (1980). From the second view point, evaluation is a broader process (Downie et al, 1996). Evaluation can be defined as the critical assessment of the value of an activity (Macdowall et al, 2006). Evaluation is needed to ensure that health promotion activities are having the intended effects. Evaluating activities helps inform future plans and contributes to the building up of a knowledge base for health promotion. It also helps prevent the reinvention of the wheel, by informing other health promoters of the effectiveness of different methods and strategies (Naidoo and Wills, 2000). Downie et al (1996) identifies reasons for evaluating health promotion activities. These are to assess the extent to which projects are achieving their stated objectives, to inform the development of materials and methods, to ensure ethical practice, to optimize use of resources and to assess the place of health promotion within overall efforts to achieve health gain. Evaluation includes assessments of different kinds of events at varying time periods. A distinction is often made between process, impact and outcome evaluation. Process evaluation: this involves assessing the process programme implementation. It addresses participants perceptions and reactions to health promotion interventions. It is therefore a useful means to assess acceptability and may assess the appropriateness and equity of a health promotion intervention (Naidoo and Wills, 2000). In doing this in our health promotion study, inputs (time, IEC materials, money); self-evaluation (self-reflection); feedback from primary and secondary audience (using questionnaires, question and answer sessions, individual discussions) will be used. Impact and Outcome evaluation: Evaluation of health promotion programmes is usually concerned to identify their effects. The effects of an intervention may be evaluated according to its impact ( the immediate effects such as increased knowledge or shifts in attitude) and outcome ( the longer-term effects such as changes in lifestyle). Impact evaluation tends to be more popular because it is easier to do. Outcome evaluation more difficult because it involves an assessment of long-term effects (Naidoo and Wills, 2000). Evaluation of the impact could be planned or unplanned. Planned impact can be assessed using pre-session and post-session questionnaires or a review session with the target audience. Some of the planned impact/outcomes would include increasing attendance to activities, increase in the number of people taking part in voluntary counselling and testing (VCT), increase in age of first sexual encounter and reduction in HIV prevalence rate. Unplanned impact/outcome will include counselling for other issues such as drugs and alcohol use, provision of support for PLWHA within the school community by referrals to NGOs and other support groups that can provide treatment and help them cope with other effects of living with HIV/AIDS. Limitations There are limitations to the implementation of this health promotion model. There is an ethical dilemma with regards what will be too much sexual information for the teenagers considering the cultural background. Many parents will object to some information given to their children. Issues pertaining to funds for running and sustaining the programme need to be considered. There could also be some logistics problems in terms of accessing rural areas: power, security, mobility and communication facilities all have to be provided and these are all functions of funds. Acceptability of the programme by the primary audience may be in question. The students may view the activities as being prescriptive rather than participatory, also, they may view the health professionals and facilitators as being old school in terms of age or social background or socioeconomic status and this could be a barrier which might face the programme. This is where the peer educators come in and may go a long way in overcoming this problem. If the students are able to see the project/activities as theirs, it would help to sustain the efforts after the health professionals may have left. Such continuity could be anchored on peer educator groups, abstinence clubs and other social networks. Long-term assessment of empowerment and change in behaviour is difficult. Is there any behaviour change? If so, is the behaviour change due to this Health Promotion activity alone?. These are pertinent questions which will need to be addressed at the long run. The model focuses mainly on empowerment without addressing other socio-economic determinants of sexual hea